Francis Bacon (born October 28, 1909, Dublin, Ireland—died April 28, 1992, Madrid, Spain) was a British painter whose powerful, predominantly figural images express isolation, brutality, and terror.
The son of a racehorse trainer, Bacon was educated mostly by private tutors at home until his parents banished him at age 16, allegedly for pursuing his homosexual leanings. Self-taught as an artist, he drifted in Berlin and Paris before settling in London in 1928, after which he worked as an interior decorator. He had also begun painting, though he did so without recognition until 1945, at which time the original and powerful style displayed in such works as Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion (1944) won him almost instant notoriety. His mature style emerged completely with the series of works known as The Screaming Popes (1949–mid-1950s), in which he converted Diego Velázquez’s famous Portrait of Pope Innocent X into a nightmarish icon of hysterical terror.
Many of Bacon’s early paintings are based on images by other artists, which he distorts for his own expressive purposes. Examples of such themes are the screaming nanny from Sergey Eisenstein’s film Potemkin and studies of the human figure in motion by the 19th-century photographer Eadweard Muybridge. Most of Bacon’s paintings depict isolated figures, often framed by geometric constructions, and rendered in smeared, violent colours. He was admired for his skill in using oils, whose fluidity and mysteries he exploits to express images of anger, horror, and degradation. His later portraits and figure paintings are executed in lighter colours and treat the human face and body in a style of extreme distortion and contortion.
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Bacon’s devotion to his art stood in curious contrast to his subject matter and the eccentric squalor of his personal life. Because he destroyed many of his early works, only a few examples can be found, mainly in American and European museums.